Below is an article that appears on the New York Times website at: http://nyti.ms/htzA4h
It does a reasonable job of explaining how location data is captured on smartphones and why such data is important, it does not make it clear though that the data being captured is highly generalized and in addition, when this general data is sent to Apple it is used to refine Apple’s location database not build a user movement profile. In fact the data is sent anonymously. My comments are in italics.
By MIGUEL HELFT Published: April 25, 2011
SAN FRANCISCO — You may not know it, but if you carry a smartphone in your pocket, you are probably doing unpaid work for Apple or Google — and helping them eventually aim more advertising directly at you.
( I would argue that you are not doing unpaid work for Apple and Google. That’s a stretch in and of itself. You are helping to refine the accuracy of a constantly growing global map. This map will in turn be used not only to target location based advertising at you someday, but is currently being used for all sorts of location based services including pointing you to the nearest hospital if need be. )
As those two companies battle for dominance in mobile computing, they have increasingly been using their customers’ phones as sensors to collect data about nearby cell towers and Wi-Fi hot spots.
( True, however they are not collecting data specifically about their customers. They know there is a cell tower at the corner of “1st and Main”. They don’t know that Al is at the corner of 1st and Main. If Al asks his cell phone where the nearest Pizza Hut is, Apple and Google and Skyhook and everyone else has that data, and the information (the nearest Pizza Hut to that cell tower) is sent back to Al. Nothing from or about Al is sent back to Apple.)
Google and Apple use this data to improve the accuracy of everything on the phone that uses location. That includes maps and navigation services, but also advertising aimed at people in a particular spot — a potentially huge business that is just getting off the ground. In fact, the information has become so valuable that the companies have been willing to push the envelope on privacy to collect it.
( Privacy indeed. I give up more privacy when I purchase T-shirts online than when I use location based services on my phone. When I make an online purchase I give up my credit card data, I surrender my name and address, and all of that is stored with the bank. Apple, Google, et. al. store nothing about me. )
“Google envisions a world where even a small business can promote products to consumers nearby on a mobile device,” said Alistair Goodman, chief executive of Placecast, a location-based advertising company here. “That is a massive market.”
( That’s one tiny part of Google’s vision. I think Google’s vision ends with the phrase, “Soylent Green is People!” but I can’t be sure. )
The companies are using the cell tower and hot spot data to build maps of the world, maps that help smartphones quickly pinpoint their locations. Using the signals as navigational beacons is particularly useful in places where GPS satellite signals are weak, like urban areas or anywhere indoors.
( This is true, but it should be made clear that I could hand you my file right now and you would not be able to determine my location. You could get the general area I’m in but that’s it. Even the cell towers aren’t necessarily towers that I have pinged. If I give you my file, you’ve got an approximation of areas I’ve been to, but not the names and/or addresses of locations. )
Shifting allegiances and legal battles in the world of location services suggest competition in this market is heating up.
Apple initially relied on technology from Skyhook Wireless, a company that was a pioneer in the technique of using Wi-Fi hot spots for location. But last year it began collecting its own data as well. And late last year, Skyhook sued Google, charging that Google had copied its technology and persuaded Motorola to break contracts with Skyhook and use Google’s competing service.
Google and Apple have said that they collect the information anonymously and use it to keep their databases of Wi-Fi hot spots up to date, not to track individuals. But because a person’s location is delicate information, the practices have raised privacy fears.
( No. The practices have not raised privacy fears. Misrepresentation in the media, such as headlines that say “Apple is tracking you!” are what is raising privacy fears. )
The use of this data by the companies has been under scrutiny since last week, when two technology researchers reported that a file stored on many iPhones and iPads keeps track of all the locations visited by a user. The file is unencrypted and is copied to people’s personal computers when they sync their devices.
( And this is one big out and out lie. The data does not keep track of specific locations, only generalizations. There are countless buildings, businesses, residences, etc. near where I am right now. Using the data from my phone it is impossible to determine where I actually am. If I search for nearby grocery delivery, using cell tower, wifi hotspot, and GPS data to locate my phone more accurately, Apple will send back known grocery delivery places, however no information is stored with Apple. Nor is the fact that I looked for grocery delivery. Also, this is not new information. Some researchers at O’Reilly are acting like it’s new information, but it’s not. Please see Alex Levinson’s Blog at: http://bit.ly/e21NVr)
[ Recommended Reading: iOS Forensic Analysis - http://amzn.to/gbcmu5 ]
The report prompted lawmakers in the United States to ask Apple for explanations. Several European governments said they would open investigations into Apple’s practices. On Monday, two customers sued Apple accusing it of privacy invasion and computer fraud. They contend the company is secretly recording and storing the location and movement of iPhone and iPad users.
( Of course they did. The moment I read the first headline I knew the class action gold diggers would pounce. )
Late last week, Google said it was collecting information about nearby networks from Android users, though it said that it was not tracking individuals and that it allowed users to decline to participate.
( Soylent Green is People! – I’d trust Apple long before trusting Google. - http://bit.ly/fckGle)
Lisa Madigan, the attorney general of Illinois, wrote to Google and Apple on Monday asking them to explain their location data collection practices.
Apple has declined to comment on the matter.
( In a world where economic stability seems to be diminishing all around us, where freaking Phd’s can’t find jobs, where [Insert social calamity here], there sure do seem to be lots of politicians and legislators with nothing better to do than chase around Apple and Google. I really wish they cared about Net Neutrality this much. – To be fair, Franken does. )
On Monday, the Web site MacRumors published an e-mail said to be from Steven P. Jobs, Apple’s co-founder and chief executive, in which he replied to a person who had said he planned to switch to a Google Android phone because Google did not track him. The reply said: “Oh yes they do. We don’t track anyone. The info circulating around is false.”
( I picture Apple PR people running around screaming ‘OMG! He’s got that iPad again! Quick! Turn off his email!’ I agree with Steve. Apple is one thing. Google is another. )
Apple declined to confirm the authenticity of the e-mail.
Some security specialists said they believed Apple was not tracking people, but rather collecting data to update its location databases, since Wi-Fi networks can quickly come and go. A letter sent from Apple in July to two members of Congress, Edward J. Markey, Democrat of Massachusetts, and Joe L. Barton, Republican of Texas, appears to confirm this and provides the most detailed explanation of the technology.
( And why is this not the end of the story? )
In the letter, Apple said it collects the location data anonymously and only when consumers agree to use its location-based services like maps, or any apps that ask for a user’s location, and for its advertising system, iAds. The company said it began relying on its own databases for location information in 2010. Explaining its need to collect data from its customers’ phones, Apple wrote, “These databases must be updated continuously.”
Security researchers said that they believed that the file with location data stored on iPhones and iPads was meant as a “cache” that would help the device pinpoint its whereabouts faster, and that it could help feed Apple’s giant database of network locations. But they said Apple should have been more diligent about encrypting the file and deleting old data.
( Encryption. Oh please. Here. Take my file. Have a field day. Knock yourself out. )
“I don’t know why they would want to keep all that data on the device,” said Mark Seiden, an information security consultant in Silicon Valley.
( Uh, maybe for SPEED Mr. Security Consultant? Hmm… if I were a security consultant I would have taken the opportunity to make it clear to the reporter that your cell phone has had the FCC mandated ability to track you since 2001. )
Skyhook began collecting data about Wi-Fi hot spots by sending a fleet of more than 500 cars to drive around the streets of every major city in the United States, Europe and many Asian countries.
“We drove the world,” said Ted Morgan, Skyhook’s chief executive. The company updates the database by sending its cars to remap certain areas and by using phones as sensors when a user requests location data.
Google, which initially collected data on Wi-Fi hot spots with the same fleet of cars that was taking photos for its StreetView service, said it stopped doing so last year after it was found to have collected e-mails and other data streamed through those hot spots. It now collects much of that data and traffic information, through customers’ phones.
Mobile advertising could be a $2.5 billion market by 2015, according to Frost & Sullivan, and ads tied to a location are much more lucrative than other ads. But Mr. Morgan said the location data could be valuable in areas beyond the Internet and mobile phones.
For example, a retailer that has eight outlets in a city could use data about walking patterns to determine where to open its next outlet.
“You are basically getting insight into human behavior that we’ve never had before,” Mr. Morgan said.
Jenna Wortham contributed reporting from New York.